Safety and risk assessment of 1st and 2nd life lithium-ion batteries
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How sustainable is the reuse and recycling of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)? Which kinds of advanced materials and critical raw materials do they contain? At the end of the first use of lithium-ion batteries, they can mainly be re-used for energy storage in a second-life application. Potential threats to human health and the environment must be identified in order to enable safe secondary use.