Neurodegenerative diseases cause a progressive deterioration of the patient's nervous system, leading to disability and dependence. These include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), among others. These pathologies are a challenge for public health and a priority social and health issue due to the vulnerability of those who suffer from them, the effects on their carers and loved ones, and in many cases the lack of treatments to cure or slow down the disease. What are the latest advances in the causes, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of these pathologies? What social and legal obstacles do they present, and how are they being addressed?