This study examines the possible long‑term trajectories of the European railway system by analysing the trends, drivers, and uncertainties shaping its evolution towards 2050. It explores how emerging technological, regulatory, economic and societal developments may influence the role of rail within a sustainable, resilient, and competitive European transport system. The analysis considers a range of plausible future configurations for the sector, assessing their implications for mobility, energy use, climate objectives, territorial cohesion, and infrastructure needs. Attention is given to the potential relevance of innovative transport solutions, including hyperloop and maglev, within different development pathways, considering their technical feasibility, regulatory requirements, and system‑level impacts. The study draws on scientific and grey literature and integrates insights from relevant stakeholders to capture diverse perspectives on the future of rail. By identifying policy options, the work aims to support long-term transport planning and investment decisions at EU level. The findings are intended to inform ongoing policy discussions on the transformation of the European rail sector and its contribution to the Union's wider competitiveness, sustainability, and connectivity goals.
