Antibiotic-resistant infections can be difficult or impossible to treat. We examined federal challenges to addressing antibiotic resistance: Surveillance—Tracking resistant infections is tough because of reliance on sampling and voluntary reporting Diagnostics—Lack of data on clinical outcomes impedes the development and use of antibiotic-resistance tests New treatments—The pipeline of new antibiotics is inadequate and federal efforts haven’t fully incentivized development Antibiotic use—Federal requirements to improve antibiotic use are mostly limited to hospitals and nursing homes